By Elizabeth Weise, USA TODAY
It is the stuff of science fiction and bioethical debates: The creation of
artificial life. Up until now, it's largely been just that.
But an important technical bridge towards the creation of such life was crossed
Thursday when genomics pioneer Craig Venter announced that his research group
created an artificial virus based on a real one in just two weeks' time.
When researchers created a synthetic genome (genetic map) of the virus and implanted
it into a cell, the virus became "biologically active," meaning it went to work
reproducing itself.
Venter cautioned that the creation of artificial human or animal life is a long way
off because the synthetic bacteriophage - the virus that was created - is a much
simpler life form. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria.
The project was funded in part by the Department of Energy, which hopes to create
microbes that would capture carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, produce hydrogen or
clean the environment.
But the questions ethicists have raised about such work are numerous: Should we be
playing God? Does the potential for good that new life forms may have outweigh the
harm they could do?
Arthur Caplan, who heads the University of Pennsylvania's Center for Bioethics, says
yes. This technology "is impressive. It's powerful and it should be treated with
humility and caution," Caplan says, "But we should do it."
A genome is made up of DNA "letters," or base pairs, that combine to "spell" an
individual's chromosomes. The human genome project was completed in April.
This summer, researchers at Venter's Institute for Biological Energy Alternatives
bought commercially available strands of DNA and, using a new technology, coaxed
them together to form a duplicate of the genome of a bacteriophage called phi X.
"It's a very important technical advance," says Gerald Rubin, a molecular geneticist
at the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. "You can envision the day when one could sit
down at a computer, design a genome and then build it. We're still inventing the
tools to make that happen, and this is an important one."
Venter notes the synthetic bacteriophage has 5,000 base pairs in its genome. The
human genome has 3 billion, so similar work in human form probably won't happen in
this decade, he says.
To date, the largest genome that was synthesized was the 7,500-base-pair polio
virus. But that was only semi-functional and took three years to complete.
The researchers chose to put the new technology into the public domain for all
scientists to use. It will appear in the next few weeks on the Web site of the
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The technology raises safety issues, says David Magnus of Stanford's Center for
Biomedical Ethics. Even putting it in the public domain is "a double-edged sword,"
he says. That presumes that allowing everyone access will keep the good guys ahead
of the bad guys. "It's a gamble. .. It's a bet that everyone has a stake in," he
says.
